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Inadequate Password Complexity Policies

Some online services have lenient password complexity policies, allowing users to create weak passwords easily. This poses a security risk: Reduced Security: Weak password complexity policies make it easier for attackers to guess passwords or use dictionary attacks. False Sense of Security: Users may perceive their accounts as more secure than they actually are when allowed to create weak passwords. To overcome this challenge, organizations should enforce strong password complexity policies that require users to create passwords with a blend of upper and lower case cultivations, numbers, and special characters. Additionally, they can encourage the use of multi-factor validation (MFA) for an added layer of security. Lack of User Education Many users lack awareness of password security best practices, leading to suboptimal password choices: Weak Password Creation: Users may not understand the importance of strong passwords or how to create them. Limited Awareness of Risks: ...
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Public service

The imposition of public service obligations on telecommunications network and service operators derives from their traditional configuration as state-owned public services, prior to the sector's liberalization process. techwadia

In our country, before liberalization, telecommunications services were provided by Telefónica de España under a monopoly regime, by virtue of the State concession.

The Law 11/1998 broke with the public service nature of telecommunications and configured as a service of general interest. This concept of general interest is, in turn, the one that justifies the imposition of a series of public service obligations on operators.

In this sense, these public service obligations would be a series of benefits whose enjoyment is guaranteed by the public powers , but without the ownership of the activity being reserved to the State.

In this way, the LGTel , in its art. 2 , configures telecommunications as services of general interest that are provided in a free competition regime, linking public service obligations with compliance with the objectives of the law.

The regulation of these public service obligations in LGTel derives from Directive 2002/22 / CE, ( Universal Service Directive ), modified by Directive 2009/136 / CE . The modifications of the latter were taken into account for the drafting of Law 2/2011, of March 4, on Sustainable Economy , and were included in the LGTel of 2014 .

Delimitation of public service obligations

The art. 20 of the LGTel establishes that the regulation of public service obligations is aimed at the existence of electronic communications services available to the public, of adequate quality throughout the national territory through real competition and freedom of choice, as well as solve situations in which the needs of end users are not satisfactorily met by the market.

For this, operators will be subject to a system of public service obligations and of a public nature, in compliance with which the principles of equality, transparency, non-discrimination, continuity, adaptability, availability and permanence must be respected.

The LGTel establishes the following categories of public service obligations:

1.            Universal service.

2.            Others imposed for reasons of general interest. and the universal

When these services are provided in competition, under the same price, coverage and quality conditions as those required by the public service, the cessation of their provision may be determined as a public service obligation .

Legally and by regulation, the following applicable criteria have been determined in the imposition of public service obligations:

1.            Not imposing excessive charges on operators that may substantially affect their ability to access the market.

2.            Objectivity and transparency in the methods used to determine the obligated operator, the aid and financing that it will enjoy and the time and conditions in which it should occur.

3.            The net costs of the provision of universal service will only have to be borne by those operators that obtain, through the operation of networks or the provision of electronic communications services, gross annual operating income of more than 100 million euros.

4.            Non-discrimination between the different operators, trying to maintain equilibrium in the market in such a way that no operator obtains advantages or disadvantages in their performance in the market, as a consequence of the obligations imposed.

5.            Economic neutrality and, as far as possible, technological neutrality of the obligations imposed and of the aid and financing granted.

6.            Priority of the options that allow a lower cost for the sector as a whole or that suppose a lower need for financing.

Other public service obligations

The LGTel (art. 25) empowers the Government to impose public service obligations other than universal service on operators , provided they are due to reasons of national defense, public security or civil protection.

It would be, according to García de Enterría, specific and specific obligations that respond to the conjunction of certain circumstances and that are imposed in order to achieve a superior interest that affects all citizens.

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